Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Dose-Dependent Effects of Aloin on the Intestinal Bacterial Community Structure, Short Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00474

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antimicrobial property of aloin on in vitro cultured bacterial species. All bacterial cultures were incubated with two-fold serial dilution of aloin starting a concentration of 2 mg/ml to 0.03 μg/ml (A–D) or 4g/ml to 0.015 μg/ml (E–I) . The data presented here were average of five independent experiments. Values of p < 0.05 or below indicated as a statistical significance compared to control group or among the experimental groups. Asterisks indicates statistical significance ( ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001). (A) E. coli J53 was grown under aerobic conditions. (B,C) L. acidophilus was grown under aerobic conditions or anaerobic conditions, respectively. Aloin was unable to kill L. acidophilus under anaerobic conditions. (D) B. longum was grown under anaerobic conditions. The figure shows that only higher concentration of aloin was able to decrease Bifidobacterium growth under anaerobic conditions. (E,F) E. faecium was grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, respectively. The figure shows that aloin was able to decrease E. faecium growth under aerobic conditions even at 4 mg/ml concentration but unable to prevent bacterial growth, however, aloin was able to kill E. faecium growth under anaerobic conditions. (G) B. thetaiotaomicron was grown under anaerobic conditions. The figure shows that aloin was able to kill B. thetaiotaomicron growth under anaerobic condition and the MIC value was 1 mg/ml. (H) A. muciniphila was grown under anaerobic conditions. The figure shows that aloin decreases A. muciniphila growth under anaerobic conditions. (I) Eubacteria sp. was grown under anaerobic conditions. The figure shows that aloin decreases Eubacterium sp. growth under anaerobic conditions.

Article Snippet: These human commensal bacteria were obtained from ATCC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and included Bifidobacterium longum ( ATCC ® 15707 TM ), Lactobacillus acidophilus ( strain ATCC 700396/NCK56/N2/NCFM ), Enterococcus faecium ( ATCC ® 19434 TM ), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( ATCC ® 29148 TM ), Akkermansia muciniphila ( ATCC ® BAA-835 TM ), and Eubacterium sp. ( ATCC ® BAA-148 TM ).

Techniques: In Vitro, Cell Culture, Incubation, Serial Dilution, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Dose-Dependent Effects of Aloin on the Intestinal Bacterial Community Structure, Short Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00474

Figure Lengend Snippet: Aloin metabolism by intestinal bacteria Eubacterium sp. and E. faecium after incubation. (A) Top panel shows aloin metabolism by Eubacterium sp. under anaerobic conditions. (B) The bottom panel shows aloin metabolism by E. faecium under anaerobic conditions. The arrow shows the peak area and retention times of aloin isoforms and aloe-emodin.

Article Snippet: These human commensal bacteria were obtained from ATCC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and included Bifidobacterium longum ( ATCC ® 15707 TM ), Lactobacillus acidophilus ( strain ATCC 700396/NCK56/N2/NCFM ), Enterococcus faecium ( ATCC ® 19434 TM ), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( ATCC ® 29148 TM ), Akkermansia muciniphila ( ATCC ® BAA-835 TM ), and Eubacterium sp. ( ATCC ® BAA-148 TM ).

Techniques: Bacteria, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Dose-Dependent Effects of Aloin on the Intestinal Bacterial Community Structure, Short Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00474

Figure Lengend Snippet: Aloin MIC value for intestinal commensal both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Article Snippet: These human commensal bacteria were obtained from ATCC (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and included Bifidobacterium longum ( ATCC ® 15707 TM ), Lactobacillus acidophilus ( strain ATCC 700396/NCK56/N2/NCFM ), Enterococcus faecium ( ATCC ® 19434 TM ), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( ATCC ® 29148 TM ), Akkermansia muciniphila ( ATCC ® BAA-835 TM ), and Eubacterium sp. ( ATCC ® BAA-148 TM ).

Techniques: Bacteria, Modification

Journal: Biosensors & bioelectronics

Article Title: Microarray method to monitor 40 intestinal bacterial species in the study of azo dye reduction

doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.04.011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacteria and the probe numbers in the microarray

Article Snippet: Anaerobic bacteria were cultured at 35 °C in either prereduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) Brain Heart Infusion (BIH) broth supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel, Lenexa, KS, USA), inoculated under an oxygen-free cannula using 85% nitrogen, 10% hydrogen and 5% carbon dioxide, or on PRAS brucella blood agar plates supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 caption a7 Number Bacterial species and strain Probe number 1 B. thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29148 1, 2, 3 2 B. vulgatus ATCC 8482 4, 5, 6 3 B. fragilis ATCC 23745 7, 8, 9 4 B. distasonis ATCC 8503 10, 11, 12 5 C. clostridioforme ATCC 29084 13, 14, 15 6 C. leptum ATCC 29065 16, 17, 18 7 F. prausnitzii ATCC 27768 19, 20, 21 8 P. productus ATCC 27340 22, 23, 24 9 R. obeum ATCC 29174 25, 26, 27 10 R. bromii ATCC 27255 28, 29, 30 11 R. callidus ATCC 27760 31, 32, 33 12 R. albus ATCC 27210 34, 35, 36 13 B. longum ATCC 15707 37, 38, 39 14 B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 40, 41, 42 15 B. infantis ATCC 15697 43, 44, 45 16 E. biforme ATCC 27806 46, 47, 48 17 E. aerofaciens ATCC 25986 49, 50, 51 18 L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 52, 53, 54 19 E. coli ATCC 25922 55, 56, 57 20 E. faecium ATCC 19434 58, 59, 60 21 B. uniformis ATCC 8492 61, 62, 63 22 B. ovatus ATCC 8483 64, 65, 66 23 B. caccae ATCC 43185 67, 68, 69 24 C. perfringens ATCC 13124 70, 71, 72 25 C. butyricum ATCC 19398 73, 74, 75 26 C. ramosum ATCC 25582 76, 77, 78 27 C. difficile ATCC 9689 79, 80, 81 28 C. indolis ATCC 25771 82, 83, 84 29 F. russii ATCC 25533 85, 86, 87 30 F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 88, 89, 90 31 B. catenulatum ATCC 27539 91, 92, 93 32 B. angulatum ATCC 27535 94, 95, 96 33 E. rectale ATCC 33656 97, 98, 99 34 E. eligens ATCC 27750 100, 101, 102 35 E. limosum ATCC 8486 103, 104, 105 36 E. lentum ATCC 25553 106, 107, 108 37 L. fermentum ATCC 9338 109, 110, 111 38 E. faecalis ATCC 27274 112, 113, 114 39 P. magnus ATCC 14955 115, 116, 117 40 R. gnavus ATCC 291492 118, 119, 120 Open in a separate window Bacteria and the probe numbers in the microarray

Techniques: Bacteria

Journal: Biosensors & bioelectronics

Article Title: Microarray method to monitor 40 intestinal bacterial species in the study of azo dye reduction

doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.04.011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microarray test results read from

Article Snippet: Anaerobic bacteria were cultured at 35 °C in either prereduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) Brain Heart Infusion (BIH) broth supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel, Lenexa, KS, USA), inoculated under an oxygen-free cannula using 85% nitrogen, 10% hydrogen and 5% carbon dioxide, or on PRAS brucella blood agar plates supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 caption a7 Number Bacterial species and strain Probe number 1 B. thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29148 1, 2, 3 2 B. vulgatus ATCC 8482 4, 5, 6 3 B. fragilis ATCC 23745 7, 8, 9 4 B. distasonis ATCC 8503 10, 11, 12 5 C. clostridioforme ATCC 29084 13, 14, 15 6 C. leptum ATCC 29065 16, 17, 18 7 F. prausnitzii ATCC 27768 19, 20, 21 8 P. productus ATCC 27340 22, 23, 24 9 R. obeum ATCC 29174 25, 26, 27 10 R. bromii ATCC 27255 28, 29, 30 11 R. callidus ATCC 27760 31, 32, 33 12 R. albus ATCC 27210 34, 35, 36 13 B. longum ATCC 15707 37, 38, 39 14 B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 40, 41, 42 15 B. infantis ATCC 15697 43, 44, 45 16 E. biforme ATCC 27806 46, 47, 48 17 E. aerofaciens ATCC 25986 49, 50, 51 18 L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 52, 53, 54 19 E. coli ATCC 25922 55, 56, 57 20 E. faecium ATCC 19434 58, 59, 60 21 B. uniformis ATCC 8492 61, 62, 63 22 B. ovatus ATCC 8483 64, 65, 66 23 B. caccae ATCC 43185 67, 68, 69 24 C. perfringens ATCC 13124 70, 71, 72 25 C. butyricum ATCC 19398 73, 74, 75 26 C. ramosum ATCC 25582 76, 77, 78 27 C. difficile ATCC 9689 79, 80, 81 28 C. indolis ATCC 25771 82, 83, 84 29 F. russii ATCC 25533 85, 86, 87 30 F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 88, 89, 90 31 B. catenulatum ATCC 27539 91, 92, 93 32 B. angulatum ATCC 27535 94, 95, 96 33 E. rectale ATCC 33656 97, 98, 99 34 E. eligens ATCC 27750 100, 101, 102 35 E. limosum ATCC 8486 103, 104, 105 36 E. lentum ATCC 25553 106, 107, 108 37 L. fermentum ATCC 9338 109, 110, 111 38 E. faecalis ATCC 27274 112, 113, 114 39 P. magnus ATCC 14955 115, 116, 117 40 R. gnavus ATCC 291492 118, 119, 120 Open in a separate window Bacteria and the probe numbers in the microarray

Techniques: Microarray

Journal: Biosensors & bioelectronics

Article Title: Microarray method to monitor 40 intestinal bacterial species in the study of azo dye reduction

doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.04.011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacteria and the probe numbers in the microarray

Article Snippet: Anaerobic bacteria were cultured at 35 °C in either prereduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) Brain Heart Infusion (BIH) broth supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel, Lenexa, KS, USA), inoculated under an oxygen-free cannula using 85% nitrogen, 10% hydrogen and 5% carbon dioxide, or on PRAS brucella blood agar plates supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 caption a7 Number Bacterial species and strain Probe number 1 B. thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29148 1, 2, 3 2 B. vulgatus ATCC 8482 4, 5, 6 3 B. fragilis ATCC 23745 7, 8, 9 4 B. distasonis ATCC 8503 10, 11, 12 5 C. clostridioforme ATCC 29084 13, 14, 15 6 C. leptum ATCC 29065 16, 17, 18 7 F. prausnitzii ATCC 27768 19, 20, 21 8 P. productus ATCC 27340 22, 23, 24 9 R. obeum ATCC 29174 25, 26, 27 10 R. bromii ATCC 27255 28, 29, 30 11 R. callidus ATCC 27760 31, 32, 33 12 R. albus ATCC 27210 34, 35, 36 13 B. longum ATCC 15707 37, 38, 39 14 B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 40, 41, 42 15 B. infantis ATCC 15697 43, 44, 45 16 E. biforme ATCC 27806 46, 47, 48 17 E. aerofaciens ATCC 25986 49, 50, 51 18 L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 52, 53, 54 19 E. coli ATCC 25922 55, 56, 57 20 E. faecium ATCC 19434 58, 59, 60 21 B. uniformis ATCC 8492 61, 62, 63 22 B. ovatus ATCC 8483 64, 65, 66 23 B. caccae ATCC 43185 67, 68, 69 24 C. perfringens ATCC 13124 70, 71, 72 25 C. butyricum ATCC 19398 73, 74, 75 26 C. ramosum ATCC 25582 76, 77, 78 27 C. difficile ATCC 9689 79, 80, 81 28 C. indolis ATCC 25771 82, 83, 84 29 F. russii ATCC 25533 85, 86, 87 30 F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 88, 89, 90 31 B. catenulatum ATCC 27539 91, 92, 93 32 B. angulatum ATCC 27535 94, 95, 96 33 E. rectale ATCC 33656 97, 98, 99 34 E. eligens ATCC 27750 100, 101, 102 35 E. limosum ATCC 8486 103, 104, 105 36 E. lentum ATCC 25553 106, 107, 108 37 L. fermentum ATCC 9338 109, 110, 111 38 E. faecalis ATCC 27274 112, 113, 114 39 P. magnus ATCC 14955 115, 116, 117 40 R. gnavus ATCC 291492 118, 119, 120 Open in a separate window Bacteria and the probe numbers in the microarray

Techniques: Bacteria

Journal: Biosensors & bioelectronics

Article Title: Microarray method to monitor 40 intestinal bacterial species in the study of azo dye reduction

doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.04.011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microarray test results read from

Article Snippet: Anaerobic bacteria were cultured at 35 °C in either prereduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) Brain Heart Infusion (BIH) broth supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel, Lenexa, KS, USA), inoculated under an oxygen-free cannula using 85% nitrogen, 10% hydrogen and 5% carbon dioxide, or on PRAS brucella blood agar plates supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 caption a7 Number Bacterial species and strain Probe number 1 B. thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29148 1, 2, 3 2 B. vulgatus ATCC 8482 4, 5, 6 3 B. fragilis ATCC 23745 7, 8, 9 4 B. distasonis ATCC 8503 10, 11, 12 5 C. clostridioforme ATCC 29084 13, 14, 15 6 C. leptum ATCC 29065 16, 17, 18 7 F. prausnitzii ATCC 27768 19, 20, 21 8 P. productus ATCC 27340 22, 23, 24 9 R. obeum ATCC 29174 25, 26, 27 10 R. bromii ATCC 27255 28, 29, 30 11 R. callidus ATCC 27760 31, 32, 33 12 R. albus ATCC 27210 34, 35, 36 13 B. longum ATCC 15707 37, 38, 39 14 B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 40, 41, 42 15 B. infantis ATCC 15697 43, 44, 45 16 E. biforme ATCC 27806 46, 47, 48 17 E. aerofaciens ATCC 25986 49, 50, 51 18 L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 52, 53, 54 19 E. coli ATCC 25922 55, 56, 57 20 E. faecium ATCC 19434 58, 59, 60 21 B. uniformis ATCC 8492 61, 62, 63 22 B. ovatus ATCC 8483 64, 65, 66 23 B. caccae ATCC 43185 67, 68, 69 24 C. perfringens ATCC 13124 70, 71, 72 25 C. butyricum ATCC 19398 73, 74, 75 26 C. ramosum ATCC 25582 76, 77, 78 27 C. difficile ATCC 9689 79, 80, 81 28 C. indolis ATCC 25771 82, 83, 84 29 F. russii ATCC 25533 85, 86, 87 30 F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 88, 89, 90 31 B. catenulatum ATCC 27539 91, 92, 93 32 B. angulatum ATCC 27535 94, 95, 96 33 E. rectale ATCC 33656 97, 98, 99 34 E. eligens ATCC 27750 100, 101, 102 35 E. limosum ATCC 8486 103, 104, 105 36 E. lentum ATCC 25553 106, 107, 108 37 L. fermentum ATCC 9338 109, 110, 111 38 E. faecalis ATCC 27274 112, 113, 114 39 P. magnus ATCC 14955 115, 116, 117 40 R. gnavus ATCC 291492 118, 119, 120 Open in a separate window Bacteria and the probe numbers in the microarray

Techniques: Microarray

Journal: Anaerobe

Article Title: Sudan azo dyes and Para Red degradation by prevalent bacteria of the human gastrointestinal tract ☆

doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.06.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sudan azo dye reduction by thirty-five prevalent human intestinal bacterial species.

Article Snippet: The strains, except for Lactobacillus species, which were routinely cultured on deMann-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth or agar (Becton Dickinson & Company) [ 38 ], were routinely cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BIH) broth supplemented with vitamin K and hemin or on PRAS brucella blood agar plates supplemented with vitamin K and hemin (Remel) at 37 °C under an atmosphere of 91% nitrogen, 4% hydrogen and 5% carbon dioxide. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 caption a7 Sudan I reduction (%) Sudan II reduction (%) Sudan III reduction (%) Sudan IV reduction (%) Para Red reduction (%) Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC 8482 40 a – b 100 100 60 B. ovatus ATCC 8483 100 60 60 100 100 B. uniformis ATCC 100 – 100 100 100 B. distasonis ATCC 8503 100 40 100 100 100 B. fragilis ATCC 23745 100 – 100 100 40 B. thetaiotaomicron 29148 100 40 100 100 100 B. caccae ATCC 43185 100 40 100 100 100 Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 – – 100 60 40 B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 – – 100 40 – B. infantis ATCC 15697 100 100 100 100 100 B. catenulatum ATCC 27539 – – 40 – – B. angulatum ATCC 27535 – – 40 40 40 Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 100 – 100 100 100 C. butyricum ATCC 19398 100 – 100 60 100 C. ramosum ATCC 25582 – – 100 – 60 C. difficile ATCC 9689 100 – 100 60 100 C. indolis ATCC 25771 100 100 100 100 100 C. leptum ATCC 29065 – – 40 60 100 C. clostridioforme ATCC 29084 100 60 100 100 100 Eubacterium aerofaciens ATCC 25986 100 – 100 100 100 E. limosum ATCC 8486 60 – 100 100 100 E. tenue ATCC 25553 – – 100 – – Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 27274 100 100 100 100 100 E. faecium ATCC 19434 100 40 100 100 100 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 – – – – – Fusobacterium russii ATCC 25533 100 40 100 100 100 F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 100 – 100 100 100 Lactobacillus bifidus ATCC 11146 – – 80 80 – L. paracasei ATCC 27092 100 20 100 100 100 L. reuteri ATCC 23272 – – 100 100 60 L. rhamnosus ATCC 53103 100 100 100 100 100 L. ruminis ATCC 25644 – – 80 40 40 Peptostreptococcus magnus ATCC 14955 – – – – – Ruminococcus obeum ATCC 29174 100 100 100 100 100 R. gnavus ATCC 29149 100 – 100 100 100 Open in a separate window a Data ware presented in % rounded to –, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 by the means from triplicate incubations. b No reduction detected.

Techniques: